Call to halt proposed removal of Cape Peninsula baboons a rallying cry for a more compassionate approach

A letter by the Wildlife Animal Protection Forum of South Africa to the Cape Peninsula Baboon Management Joint Task Team highlights several critical issues with the task team’s approach, including legal and ethical violations.

The Wildlife Animal Protection Forum of South Africa (WAPFSA), supported by 34 animal welfare and protection organisations, has issued a strongly worded cease-and-desist letter to the Cape Peninsula Baboon Management Joint Task Team (CPBMJTT) regarding its controversial proposal to remove baboon troops from the Cape Peninsula. The proposal, which includes options such as translocation, sanctuary placement and euthanasia, has been met with fierce opposition from conservationists, animal welfare groups and community organisations.

Violent management practices

The CPBMJTT claims that baboon welfare has regressed due to increased population pressure, limited access to natural foraging areas and escalating human-baboon conflict.  The task team has proposed the removal of five splinter baboon troops, citing concerns over resource availability and troop health. ​However, WAPFSA and other stakeholders argue that these issues stem from human behaviour, urban development and violent management practices, rather than the baboons themselves. ​

WAPFSA’s letter highlights several critical issues with the CPBMJTT’s approach. Chief among them have been the ongoing violent management practices. The use of paintball guns and other aversion techniques has been criticised as cruel and ineffective. These methods have allegedly encouraged some residents to take up arms, leading to injuries and deaths among baboons. ​

The letter also points out that there are legal and ethical violations. The proposal contradicts South Africa’s constitutional guarantees of environmental wellbeing and the precautionary principle outlined in the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEM:BA).

Also, no comprehensive census or analysis of baboon populations has been conducted, raising concerns about the sustainability of the species in the Western Cape and indicating a scientific gap in the process. ​

Ethical considerations

Baboons are complex agentic beings, analogous to humans. They have the capacity to suffer, share a common evolutionary and biological history, have their own unique cultures and form their own sovereign communities. Studies clearly show that baboons have rich inner lives, including languages and cultures, and recent work in political philosophy shows that they not only form their own communities, but often actively co-shape communities, habitats and relations with humans.

WAPFSA stated: “The notion of flourishing, when it comes to non-human primates, does not necessarily mean ‘in a strictly natural setting’, as is the case with many other wild animals. Baboons are to adapt and flourish in urban or quasi-urban settings and thrive in anthropogenically modified habitats.”

The organisation says that “when it comes to issues of management strategies, baboons warrant a very different approach from the one currently carried out by the CPBMJTT”. They maintain that “ecologists and government agencies must urgently gain a fundamental understanding of wild animal welfare and wellbeing and the negative effects that their current interventions have”.

And finally, the group has accused the task team of a distinct lack of consultation. Stakeholders, including animal welfare organisations and community groups, were not meaningfully consulted. The Baboon Advisory Group (BAG), established to foster collaboration, has reportedly been sidelined, with decisions presented as a fait accompli. ​

Francesca de Gasparis, from the Southern African Faith Communities Environment Institute (Safcei), who are members of both WAPFSA and BAG, says: “This response from so-called experts and the powers that be shows a profound lack of understanding of the important role baboons play in the functioning of our fynbos ecosystem, and as a flagship species of Cape Town loved by tourists and residents alike.”

WAPFSA has thus called for the CPBMJTT to cease all plans to remove baboons from the Cape Peninsula. The group wants the task team to reform outdated management policies to align with ethical and legal standards and to implement non-lethal mitigation measures, such as baboon-proof bins and signs as well as to engage in meaningful consultation with stakeholders. ​

Currently, management practices tend to exclude expert consultation from animal welfare and social scientists.

Coexistence success story ​

The letter shows that successful non-lethal management initiatives by community organisations, such as the Green Group Simonstown, have demonstrated these effective methods for human-baboon coexistence. ​

Green Group Simonstown initiated a community-funded pilot project aimed at safeguarding the baboon troops around Simon’s Town while also addressing and protecting human interests. The organisation focused on reducing food attractants and, via the use of monitors, increasing baboon safety. Their goal was to implement alternative baboon management strategies that would set a precedent for compassionate conservation and prompt a reassessment of current practices. This project was taken over by Shark Spotters and Green Group had to withdraw.

The results of their work showed significant behavioural improvements when they were running it. The baboons spent most of their time on the mountain, displaying calm and cohesive behaviour. When they did enter urban areas, they preferred natural forage over human waste. This positive change was achieved without using aggressive deterrents, relying instead on a holistic approach and constant monitoring, leading the troop to settle in natural spaces with minimal incursions into developed areas.

This positive outcome demonstrated the effectiveness of Green Group Simonstown’s innovative strategy, which challenges the current practices and emphasises education, waste management and compassionate monitoring, offering a blueprint for sustainable baboon management.

Broader implications

The proposed removal of baboons has sparked wider concerns about human-wildlife conflict and the ethical treatment of sentient beings. ​ WAPFSA argues that baboons, as complex and agentic beings, deserve respect and protection. The organisation calls for a shift towards harmonious multi-species coexistence, emphasising the ecological and cultural importance of baboons in the Western Cape. ​

WAPFSA’s letter serves as a rallying cry for conservationists, animal welfare advocates and concerned citizens to demand a more compassionate and scientifically informed approach to baboon management. The organisation warns that failure to address these concerns could lead to litigation and further harm to both baboons and human communities. ​

As the debate about baboon management intensifies, the spotlight is on the CPBMJTT to reconsider its strategies and prioritise coexistence over conflict. The future of the Cape Peninsula’s baboons – and the integrity of South Africa’s conservation policies – hangs in the balance. DM

Dr Adam Cruise is an investigative environmental journalist, travel writer and academic. He has contributed to a number of international publications, including National Geographic and The Guardian, covering diverse topics from the plight of elephants, rhinos and lions in Africa, to coral reef rejuvenation in Indonesia. Cruise is a doctor of philosophy, specialising in animal and environmental ethics, and is the editor of the online Journal of African Elephants.

Originally published by The Daily Maverick on 9 June 2025.